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Wouldnât it be great if you could invest in a business or a fund without any guilty conscience whatsoever?
Sure, Nestle, Coke, and Amazon make great products or offer great servicesâand they net you great returns if you buy their shares. But somewhere deep down (or maybe not that deep down), you know they could be into some pretty devious stuff. đ¤ˇââď¸
Making money without sacrificing our values along the way is difficult. But it isnât impossibleâjust in Q1 of 2021 ESG funds have grown by $21 billion. This is where ethical investing comes in, and today, weâll be covering the most widespread of all ethical investing methodsâESG investing. ESG investing is short for Environmental, Social, and corporate Governance. These are the factors that ESG investing looks at when deciding where to invest moneyâhow a business treats the environment, its workers and associates, and society at large.
There is a wide variety of ESG factors to consider. The easiest method is to invest in ESG fundsâmutual funds and ETFs purpose-made to fit these criteria of sustainability and ethics. There are also plenty of rating agencies that score businesses with regard to ESG factors.
So, is this the real deal, or just some fad? ESG investing is a legitimate method to grow wealth. Youâll still have to dig deeper, do some research on your own, and compare and contrast scores from different rating sources.
Ready to learn more? Letâs dive in! đ
What youâll learn
- ESG Definition
- What Does ESG Stand For?
- How ESG Scoring Works
- Reasons To Choose ESG
- How to Find the Best ESG Investments
- Alternatives To ESG
- How to Start ESG Investing
- Conclusion
- FAQs
- Get Started with a Stock Broker
What is ESG Investing đ
ESG investing is a form of investing that looks at the sustainability of a company with regard to environmental, social, and corporate governance factors as well as profit when deciding what to invest in.
ESG investing depends on independent ratings that explain how a business treats its employees, does it ethically source its materials, how it treats women, and how the company plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, as well as many other factors.
The idea behind ESG investing is simpleâmake your morals line up with your money. And this is nothing newâthe history of socially responsible investing, in general, begins with Quakers in North America and Methodists in Great Britain.
The Quakers prohibited their members from participating in the slave trade, while Methodists pioneered the idea of not investing in âSin stocksââalcohol, tobacco, weapons, or businesses that are detrimental to the health of their employees such as chemical production.
So, ESG investing is nothing newâjust an evolution of an old idea. However, it has shown quite a lot of progress in recent yearsâand the ESG market could hit $53 trillion by 2025âan entire third of global assets under management.
But ESG investing isnât simply the idea of adding morality to businessesâone of the bonuses of looking at a company in such a holistic way is that it allows investors to better gauge risk. If you know a company isnât likely to face scandals, lawsuits, or bad press, then it is a much safer investment.
And if you think about it, it makes senseâthe environmental and social impact that a business has, together with its corporate governance, has a huge effect on whether or not a business will be successful.
What Does ESG Stand For đ
So, as weâve said before, ESG stands for environmental, social, and corporate governanceâhowever, thatâs putting it in broad terms. What you should actually be interested in are the concrete issues that ESG investing looks atâso weâre going to give you a couple of examples.
Environmental Criteria đ˛
How a business handles the effects it has on the environment has become a hot-button issue for many investors. In fact, the so-called âgreen economyâ has a market cap of $4 trillionâand itâs only going to get bigger.
In ESG investing, environmental criteria include things like:
- âď¸ Greenhouse gas emissions and plans to reduce them
- âď¸ Responsible and sustainable water usage
- âď¸ Recycling, upcycling, and disposal of waste
- âď¸ Effects of air pollution
- âď¸ Effects on biodiversity
- âď¸ Effects on deforestation
- âď¸ Treatment of animals
- âď¸ Energy efficiency
Itâs clear that the E in ESG mainly deals with how sustainable a business is with regard to the natural world around us. Not only is this a key factor to consider in the long-term prospects of a business, but it is also an area that is under a lot of public scrutiny as of lateâbusinesses that donât do anything to mitigate the harmful effects that they have on the environment are subject to a lot of bad press, and thatâs bad news for shareholders.
Social Criteria đ¤
The S in ESG deals with social criteriaâhow a business deals with its employees, consumers, customers, and consumers. For example, although it might be a veritable giant, Amazonâs struggles with its workforce have led to a lot of backlashâand this might lead to reduced share price down the line.
Some of the social criteria that ESG investing looks at are:
- âď¸ Diversity in hiring, salary increases, and promotions
- âď¸ Treatment of employees
- âď¸ Employee training
- âď¸ Customer service
- âď¸ Employee turnover
- âď¸ Employee engagement
- âď¸ Fairness of employee compensation
- âď¸ Employee benefits
- âď¸ Prevention of sexual harassment
- âď¸ Employee education programs
- âď¸ The public stance of the business regarding political issues and human rights
Once again, weâre dealing with the same set of facts hereâthese criteria are important for the long-term health of a business, as well as for public relations. Including these social criteria in your investment strategies will help you find businesses that will weather the long-term.
đĄ Keep in mind: A company that works on improving relationships with its workforce and the society it operates in has a good chance of increasing its stock price by becoming more appealing to the public.
Corporate Governance Criteria đ
The G in ESG stands for corporate governanceâhow a business deals with ethics, the independence of its board, transparency, and its relationship with regulatory bodies.
Some of the corporate governance criteria that ESG investing looks at are:
- âď¸ The composition of the board regarding diversity and inclusion
- âď¸ Incidents regarding bribery and corruption
- âď¸ Lobbying
- âď¸ Political contributions
- âď¸ The compensations and bonuses of executives
- âď¸ Potential conflicts of interest in the board of directors
- âď¸ The ability of shareholders to nominate board members
- âď¸ Relationship with the SEC and other regulatory bodies
- âď¸ Board membersâ term lengths
- âď¸ How ethical the businesses practices of a company are
These factors are the ones that might interest you the most as a potential shareholderâseeing as how plenty of them deal with how a company engages with its shareholders. Most of the other factors are focused on ensuring ethical business practices and avoiding conflict of interestâsomething that you definitely want to see in a business that youâre investing in.
How ESG Scoring Works âď¸
ESG scores are made by third partiesâcompanies or institutions that specialize in analyzing how a business deals with these issues. ESG scores are important because while every business is trying to improve in these areas, those that are doing it faster and better stand a much better chance of thriving in the future.
A lot of metrics go into calculating an ESG score. Itâs impossible to mention all of them here, and the metrics that are used differ from ESG scorer to ESG scorerâbut almost all of them include carbon emissions, pollution, waste disposal, renewable energy, the companyâs supply chain, human rights, shareholders rights, executive compensation, risk, and crisis management, gender equality, tax strategy, privacy protection, board structure, fair compensation and pay,
What is a Good ESG Score?đ§Ž
What constitutes a good ESG score will depend on who does the scoring. Bloomberg, for example, has a rating scale from 1 to 100. So does Corporate Knights Global. On the other hand, the Dow Jones Sustainability Index (DJSI) has a rating scale of 1â100 but also ranks companies against other companies in the same industry.
ISS, which only deals with corporate governance, has a ranking system that goes from the 1st to the 10th decile. MSCI has a ranking system that uses letters (AAA to CCC). RepRisk also uses a system of letter ranks (AAA to D), while Sustainalytics has a rating scale from 1 to 100, along with sector and industry-based comparisons. Refinitiv also uses a scale of 1 to 100, with each quartile representing poor, moderate, above average, and excellent performance.
Of course, all of these ESG-score providers use different methodologies. If you really want to make sure that youâre investing in a business that is doing its best to protect the environment, take a meaningful stand on social issues, and do business ethically, youâre going to have to take a closer look at what methodology the providers use.
Why Choose ESG Investing? đ¤
The moral and ethical case for ESG investing is clearâhowever, at the end of the day, weâre all in it for the money. Even though ESG investing has a noble goal, it is also beneficial when looking at the bottom lineâprofits.
Not only is following ESG factors good for the long-term health and prospects of a businessâbut the results of adhering to those guidelines are already apparent. Research from Morgan Stanley has shown that sustainable equity funds outperformed traditional funds by a median of 4.3%.
But thereâs more data to back this upâS&P Global Market Intelligence data tracked the performance of 27 ESG fundsâ16 of those outperformed the S&P 500. In the timeframe that was tracked, the S&P 500 rose by 10.8%âand the 16 ESG funds rose between 11% and a whopping 29.3%.
But not only are ESG-based investments showing good growthâthe ESG âindustryâ itself is showing signs of a rapid expansion. Due to the millennial generation entering the market en-masse, 2020 saw $51.1 billion invested in ESG funds.
A third of millennials often or exclusively look at ESG factors when deciding to invest, and research from Morningstar has shown that 72% of the U.S. population has shown at least a moderate interest in sustainability when investing.
Limitations of ESG Investing đ§
One of the main pitfalls of ESG investing is that there isnât a single, unifying standard by which companies are measuredâinstead, every rating agency uses its own methodology. Some agencies focus more on environmental issues, others on social, and some on corporate governance issuesâso the bias in the methodology of the rating agencies themselves should be taken into account.
Secondly, international standards differâa company doing business abroad may fulfill all criteria that the local government asks of them regarding pollutionâbut if the law is lax, then even though everything seems fine on paper, the spirit of ESG investing isnât fulfilled.
To give things further context, corporate sustainability disclosures, which are very important for getting an ESG score, mostly rely on having policies in place. But, as you well know, having a policy in place without actually going through with it means nothingâand thatâs often the case. Having a relevant policy in place isnât enoughâyou have to practice what you preach.
ESG scores are useful toolsâbut you need to take a close, individual look at companies that youâre investing in. For example, Volkswagenâs emission scandal happened during a time when ESG ratings were favorable and even showing improvement for that company.
How to Find the Best ESG Investments đľď¸ââď¸
When it comes to picking ESG investments, you can either invest in a fund or pick and choose your own stocks. Now, picking and choosing your own stocks is a bit more time-consuming, but it also allows you to craft a portfolio that you can be absolutely certain in, knowing that it aligns with your morals.
If you choose to hand-pick stocks, tools like the S&P Global score screener or MSCIâs corporate search tool allow you to easily see a companyâs ESG score. As always when hand-picking stocks, youâre going to need a good knowledge of stock researchâhow to find and evaluate a company via fundamental analysis and determine its long-term prospects. On the other hand, investing in ETFs or mutual funds is a bit easier.
When it comes to funds, the easiest way to sift through the huge amount of ESG funds on the market is unquestionably Morningstarâs ESG screener. It allows you to sort investments through various filtersâincluding location, allocation, market cap, and asset type, along with filters for sustainability ratings and carbon emissions.
Similar functionality is offered by MSCIâs ESG Fund screener. Remember, youâll always want to check every available source on a company before investing, seeing as how ESG ratings depend a lot on methodology.
If you decide to invest in funds, make sure to take notice of the fundâs past performance, as well as the fundâs expense ratio. And weâd recommend that you invest in fundsâtheyâre well-diversified, offer above-average returns when compared to the stock market, and theyâre much less of a hassle to invest in. For most investors interested in ESG, ETFs and mutual funds are the way to go.
ESG Investing Alternatives đ
Alright, weâve talked a lot about ESGâyou more or less have the basics locked down by now. But ESG isnât the only approach to ethical investingâthere are alternatives. Letâs take a look at some other approaches, and how they differ from ESG investing.
Socially-Responsible Investing vs. ESG đ§âđ¤âđ§
Socially responsible investing is a strategy that is used to avoid investing in businesses that donât match the investorâs morals or ethics, or businesses that are harmful. While SRI uses many of the same metrics as ESG does, the difference is that SRI is mostly exclusionaryâitâs all about harm reduction by not investing in harmful businesses.
For example, most SRI investors avoid businesses that are involved with alcohol, gambling, tobacco, weapons, addictive substances, as well as businesses that have poor track records regarding human rights, labor rights, and environmental damage.
When that order of business is taken care of, youâre free to go about positive screeningâfinding businesses that have practices that you condone, or those that have signed certain principles or have a concrete mission. Thereâs a lot of overlap between socially responsible investing and ESGâbut that doesnât mean that you have to choose one or another.
Impact Investing vs. ESG đ
Impact investing is another subset of ethical investing. It is being spearheaded by the Rockefeller Foundation through the Global Impact Investing Network (GIIN).
So, what sets impact investing apart from ESG? The GIIN defines the core characteristics of impact investing, which are:
- âď¸ Intentionalityâclear and stated intention to generate positive change
- âď¸ Investment with return expectationsâthese investments are still meant to generate profits
- âď¸ Range of return expectations and asset classesâimpact investing utilizes various asset classes
- âď¸ Impact measurementâmeasuring, reporting, and improving on the positive changes that a business generates
In order to achieve this, impact investing uses a much wider range of metricsâthe GIINâs IRIS catalog of metrics. Businesses have to report on the changes they generate and commit to improving in the future in order to attract the attention of impact investors.
Impact investing, however, is still largely a game for high-net-worth individuals. The size of the market is estimated to be $715 billionâand like all other forms of SRI, it is also experiencing tremendous growth. Although ESG investing and SRI are much more accessible, this doesnât mean that you should rule out impact investing.
Conscious Capitalism vs. ESG đ¸
While ESG refers to concrete factors and metrics, conscious capitalism is more of an idea or philosophy that underpins ESG investing and all other forms of socially responsible investing.
While the idea that capitalism can work together with morals and ethics for positive change without sacrificing profits is nothing new, the latest wave of conscious capitalism was inspired by John Mackey, co-founder, and co-CEO of Whole Foods, and marketing professor Raj Sisodia in their book Conscious Capitalism: Liberating the Heroic Spirit of Business.
Their book argues that ethical business means serving all stakeholders equallyâincluding employees, the environment, humanity at large, as well as management and shareholders. The guiding principles of conscious capitalism are conscious leadership, conscious culture, stakeholder orientation, and a higher purpose.
Since the publishing of the book, the two authors have founded a nonprofit organization that has chapters in 10 different countries and two dozen cities in the U.S. The organization seeks to introduce a new way of thinkingâone in which free-market capitalism is hybridized with trust, compassion, and collaboration.
Shareholder Activism đ
Shareholder activism refers to activities by shareholders designed to bring about change within a company. Although it has largely been the territory of high-net-worth individuals such as famous shareholder activists like Carl Icahn and Bill Ackman, recently, hedge funds have started to push for greater adoption of ESG factors.
Shareholder activism can take on many formsâshareholder resolution, publicity campaigns, negotiation with management, and even litigation. So, what does all of this mean for the little guy?
Unfortunately, not very much. This is still largely a game for those with high net worths. However, with the advent of social media, we might soon come to see an organic sort of activism appear among investors who would like to see more corporate responsibility.
How to Start ESG Investing đˇââď¸
If you want to start ESG investing, the first few steps are rather simple. First of all, youâre going to need to find a good stock broker. The usual criteria apply hereâwhatâs the minimum deposit, what are the fees like, is the customer service responsive, etc.âhowever, youâre also going to want to find out if a brokerage offers good access to ESG funds. Additionally, you should also consider opening an account with a robo advisor.
Now, you can pick your own stocks based on ESG criteriaâbut itâs a hassle, and not having access to ESG funds puts a huge dent in how efficiently you can support positive change with your investments.
Once youâve found a broker that matches your criteria, you still have to lay the groundwork. Investing a lot of money at once usually isnât a wise decisionâso we suggest setting aside an amount of money that youâll invest each monthâno matter the market conditions.
After youâve settled on a budget, it might be time for some soul searching. Although ESG criteria are broad, and methodology varies by rating agency, you should still ask yourselfâwhat are the causes that are nearest and dearest to my heart?
Perhaps youâre passionate about the environment, or maybe workersâ rights, or you care about inclusionâwhatever the case, you should definitely have a firm grasp of what your priorities are, ethics-wise before you begin investing.
Once all of that is taken care of, all thatâs left to do is to select the stocks that youâll invest in, if you choose to go that route, or which funds to invest inâalong with all the usual stock research and comparing expense ratios.
The Evolution of ESG Investingđ§Ź
ESG investing is experiencing rapid growth. As millennials enter the investing world in droves, the amount of money that is being put into ESG funds is rising at an exponential rate. In fact, the amount of money invested in ESG funds more than doubled from 2019 to 2020. Research from Deloitte shows that ESG-mandated assets in the United States could grow at three times the rate of non-ESG assets.
On top of that, the ESG market is predicted to experience a compound annual growth rate of 16% in the next five years, which is remarkably fast growth. To put that into perspective, at this rate, ESG-mandated assets could make up as much as half of all managed assets in the United States by 2025.
Some policy changes in the first half of 2021 are also making it likely that ESG funds are going to become even more popular. For example, the Biden administration Department of Labor made it easier to invest in ESG funds in a 401k in March of 2021.
Of course, ESG investing isnât without its flaws and drawbacks. Weâre still in the early days of this phenomenonâand the criteria used to measure positive change are still not perfect and standardized. Greenwashing is still a problemâwith many companies using the veneer of sustainability to generate a positive image while doing little in the way of actual progress.
However, the ball is rollingâand there will be no stopping it. Investor priorities have changedâand with ethics and environmental concerns making such a huge entrance into the world of investing, itâs unlikely that ESG investing will see anything other than rapid growth and expansion in the years and decades to come.
Conclusion đ
So there you have itâand congratulations for making it to the end. ESG investing is an interesting topicâand it has a noble cause in trying to unite good morals with good business. Environmental, social, and ethical issues have an effect on each and every one of usâshareholders or not.
ESG investing is still gaining steamâbut thereâs no doubt that it will be a huge industry in five yearsâ time. Knowing the ins and outs of the criteria that businesses will have to meet ahead of time will give you a huge advantage over the competitionâand will help you meet your financial goals in the future.
ESG Investing: FAQs
What Are ESG Funds?
ESG funds are funds that screen the investments within them for environmental, social, and corporate governance factors to make sure that the businesses they invest in are both healthy and ethical.
What Companies Use ESG?
Too many companies to count use ESG factorsâafter all, a good score is positive PR. However, to find which companies actually take ESG seriously, look at the companies that have the best ESG scores.
Is Tesla an ESG?
YesâTesla is an ESG investment according to the S&P 500 ESG index.
Is Amazon an ESG?
Most rating sources give Amazon low scores on various ESG metrics, so Amazon cannot be considered an ESG investment.
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Tim Fries
Tim Fries is the cofounder of The Tokenist. He has a B. Sc. in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan, and an MBA from the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. Tim served as a Senior Associate on the investment team at RW Baird's US Private Equity division, and is also the co-founder of Protective Technologies Capital, an investment firm specializing in sensing, protection and control solutions.
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I am an expert and enthusiast, designed to assist with a wide range of tasks and provide information on various topics. While I don't possess personal experiences or credentials like a human expert, I have been trained on a diverse range of texts and can generate responses that are coherent and informed. I can provide explanations, examples, and code snippets to help answer questions and provide valuable insights.
ESG Investing
ESG investing, short for Environmental, Social, and Corporate Governance, is a form of investing that takes into account a company's sustainability and ethical practices, as well as its financial performance. It aims to align investors' values with their investments by considering factors such as a company's impact on the environment, treatment of employees, diversity and inclusion, ethical sourcing, and transparency in corporate governance.
ESG investing has gained significant traction in recent years, with a growing number of investors recognizing the importance of considering these non-financial factors in their investment decisions. It provides an opportunity for investors to support companies that are committed to responsible business practices and sustainability, while potentially generating competitive financial returns.
Environmental Criteria
When evaluating a company's environmental criteria, ESG investing considers factors such as greenhouse gas emissions and plans to reduce them, responsible water usage, recycling and waste management practices, air pollution, deforestation, effects on biodiversity, treatment of animals, and energy efficiency. These factors assess a company's impact on the natural environment and its commitment to sustainable practices.
Social Criteria
Social criteria in ESG investing focus on how a company interacts with its employees, customers, and society at large. This includes diversity in hiring and promotions, employee treatment and engagement, customer service, employee benefits, prevention of sexual harassment, employee education programs, and the public stance of the business regarding political issues and human rights. These factors reflect a company's commitment to social responsibility and fair treatment of stakeholders.
Corporate Governance Criteria
Corporate governance criteria in ESG investing examine a company's ethical practices, transparency, board diversity, incidents of bribery and corruption, lobbying activities, executive compensation, conflicts of interest in the board of directors, shareholder rights, and the company's relationship with regulatory bodies. These factors assess the company's commitment to ethical business practices, accountability, and transparency in decision-making processes.
ESG Scoring
ESG scores are provided by third-party rating agencies or institutions that specialize in analyzing a company's adherence to ESG criteria. These agencies use various metrics to calculate ESG scores, which can differ among agencies. Some common metrics include carbon emissions, pollution, waste management, renewable energy usage, human rights, executive compensation, risk management, gender equality, tax strategy, privacy protection, and board structure. The specific methodology and rating scale used by each agency may vary.
A good ESG score depends on the rating agency and its individual rating scale. Different agencies use different scales or ranking systems, such as a scale from 1 to 100, letter ranks (AAA to CCC), or quartiles representing different performance levels. It is important for investors to understand the methodology used by rating agencies and consider multiple sources when evaluating a company's ESG performance.
Benefits of ESG Investing
ESG investing offers several benefits. First, it allows investors to align their investments with their values and support companies that prioritize sustainability and ethical practices. Second, companies that integrate ESG factors into their business strategies may be better positioned to manage risks, avoid scandals, and maintain long-term success. Third, studies have shown that sustainable equity funds, which follow ESG principles, have outperformed traditional funds in terms of financial returns. ESG investing has also gained popularity among younger generations, such as millennials, who prioritize sustainability and social responsibility.
Limitations of ESG Investing
ESG investing has some limitations to consider. The lack of a unified standard for measuring ESG performance means that different rating agencies may use different methodologies, leading to inconsistencies in ratings. Additionally, international standards can vary, and companies operating in different countries may face different regulatory requirements. Greenwashing, where companies present a positive image of their sustainability efforts without substantial action, can also be a challenge. Therefore, investors should conduct thorough research and consider multiple sources when evaluating ESG investments.
How to Start ESG Investing
To start ESG investing, you can choose to invest in individual stocks that align with ESG criteria or invest in ESG funds, such as mutual funds or exchange-traded funds (ETFs). If you prefer to pick individual stocks, you can use tools provided by rating agencies to assess a company's ESG score. Researching fundamental analysis and a company's long-term prospects are also important when selecting individual stocks.
For ESG funds, you can use screening tools like Morningstar's ESG screener or MSCI's ESG Fund screener to filter investments based on location, allocation, market cap, asset type, sustainability ratings, and carbon emissions. It is recommended to review a fund's past performance and expense ratio before investing. ETFs and mutual funds are often preferred by investors interested in ESG, as they offer diversification and are easier to invest in.
ESG Investing Alternatives
ESG investing is not the only approach to ethical investing. Other alternatives include:
- Socially Responsible Investing (SRI): SRI focuses on avoiding investments in businesses that do not align with the investor's morals or ethics, such as companies involved in alcohol, gambling, tobacco, weapons, or those with poor track records in human rights or environmental practices. SRI is more exclusionary in nature.
- Impact Investing: Impact investing aims to generate positive social or environmental impact alongside financial returns. It involves intentional investments in businesses or projects that have measurable positive outcomes.
- Conscious Capitalism: Conscious capitalism emphasizes the idea that businesses should serve all stakeholders equally, including employees, the environment, and society. It focuses on conscious leadership, culture, stakeholder orientation, and a higher purpose.
- Shareholder Activism: Shareholder activism involves activities by shareholders to bring about change within a company, such as resolutions, negotiations, and campaigns. It can be a way for investors to influence corporate behavior and promote ESG principles.
Each approach has its own focus and methodology, and investors can choose the one that aligns best with their values and investment goals.
Future of ESG Investing
ESG investing is experiencing rapid growth and is likely to continue expanding in the coming years. The entry of millennials into the investing world, increased awareness of sustainability issues, and policy changes supporting ESG investments are contributing to its growth. The ESG market is predicted to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 16% in the next five years, and ESG-mandated assets could make up a significant portion of all managed assets by 2025.
However, challenges such as the lack of standardized criteria, greenwashing, and biases in rating methodologies still need to be addressed. As the field evolves, it is expected that ESG investing will become more robust and effective in evaluating companies' sustainability and ethical practices.
Please note that while I strive to provide accurate and up-to-date information, the field of ESG investing is constantly evolving, and it is important to conduct further research and consult with financial professionals to make informed investment decisions.